Is your phone battery draining so fast? How to solve it?

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Are you facing your phone battery draining so fast? Yes, it is very common in all smartphones, even you can use more capacity battery life also. In this article, we can introduce the best tips to solve the battery draining problem.

 So many features in advanced smartphones. Many apps. All these use phone batteries. This will reduce the charge of the battery quickly. Sometimes it may not be possible to use it in emergencies. That's why you have to charge for talking. And what precautions should be taken to prevent Android phone batteries from draining quickly?

When you buy a large capacity of battery life, also down power capacity due to unnecessary app usage in the background, bright screen usage, vibration option usage, and more are the problems of your phone battery draining so fast.

Reasons to phone battery draining so fast

  • Heavy brightness of phone screen
  • Unnecessary features use
  • with background app run
  • Apply to fancy widgets aside
  • Vibration option used in battery, that eater power. You Turn Off.
  • Turn off Auto sync.

Adjust screen brightness 

The phone screen is well good, it will be visible clearly. That's why some people set the brightness too high. But it uses the battery well. So it is better to fix it. What many people do to reduce the brightness is to put it in 'auto' mode so that the brightness of the screen changes according to the surrounding environment. It's convenient but uses a lot of battery. If you want to keep the battery from draining quickly, the best way to do it is to reduce the screen brightness. Because the display consumes a lot of battery. Lowering the brightness will make the battery last longer.

Turn off unnecessary features

Currently, the phones have many features like LTE, GPS, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth.  Actually all these are only sometimes necessary. Don't even use them all at once. So these features should be turned off when not needed. The main thing to talk about is Wi-Fi. Many keep it on all the time. When the phone is not connected to a WiFi network, it keeps searching for it. In this order the battery is also used. Therefore, it is better to turn off WiFi in places where it is not used. It's fine when using a Bluetooth headset. When not in use, turn off the Bluetooth option. Also the navigation feature GPS should also be turned off when not needed.

 Restricting location access to apps is also a good way. This will stop them from searching for the location in the background. The battery will be saved.

Close background apps

Unnecessary apps stop first. Closing apps with back or home buttons is not enough. They may still be running in the background. It may keep draining the battery. It is better to go to phone recent and close background apps. Only then will they stop running in the background. Increases battery life.

Fancy widgets aside

Some people like, Who doesn't love live wallpapers, motion-sensing wallpapers, weather widgets that update the weather, and news widgets that deliver constant news. These make the phone attractive and also help in daily tasks. But we use a lot of batteries without knowing it. In order to get power for a long time, such features have to be kept aside. If you want, you can put the Android device in battery save mode. This disables unwanted animations, graphics and haptic feedback features like vibration and sound. Stops unnecessary battery draining.

How to check battery usage:

  • First Open the Settings app.
  • Next Select Battery option.
  • Now select Tap on Battery usage.
  • Expand the section that reads: System usage for past 24 hr.
* Google tips to solve battery draining fast problem Click Here


How to data recover from cracked phone

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How to Data recover from a cracked phone

A broken smartphone is like a broken heart. All the details like contacts, photos and messages will be there. It can't unlock if the display is cracked. Even Whether your phone has suffered hardware or software damage, some methods of data recovery can still help you in this article, read once.

Normally broken smartphone screen, the touch location also cannot work properly, Then it becomes difficult to recover the data from the phone. Repairs may cost more. You may have to buy a new phone. And how to get photos, videos, and other data on the phone? How about exchanging it for a new phone? There number of solutions to recover your data from broken phones, by using iCloud, Google Drive, Google Takeout, and attached to a computer system.

1   With Google or iCloud backup

Be it Android or iPhone, most smartphones have a special backup feature. Usually linked to a Google account or Apple ID. If ever the phone's display is broken, you can log in on another device with the same Google account or Apple ID. This will automatically restore all the backup data on the new device.

Important Links


2   With Google Takeout, iCloud website

This is another way to download data from an old phone to the new phone. Google Takeout for Android phones and iCloud website for iOS devices. Android users need to go to the website and sign in with their Google account. From this, you have to download necessary information like contacts, photos, mail, messages, etc. Users of Samsung devices can use the Find My Mobile website if they are linked to a Sam account. With the help of this, all data can be downloaded through the Samsung cloud. iOS device users can sign in to their iCloud account and recover contacts, notes, photos, and iCloud Drive.


3   Mouse, with data cable

Advanced smartphones support mobile high-definition links and mice. Through these you can see phone display on TV or system monitor. A dongle is also required for this. After the phone display is connected to the TV or monitor, the mouse can click on the menu and retrieve all the data.


How to stop theft? When someone stealing Wi-Fi data?

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When using a shared network like this, try and log into the guest account of your machine and then browse stuff easily. And More you observe your internet speed down suddenly and may think that your wi-fi data is stealing?. Use the following technique to easily identify who stealing your Wi-Fi data and stop theft.

Now, most people use wireless networks. But some try to use the neighbor's connection instead of using their own internet connection. This will reduce the internet speed. creates problems. And how to know if someone is using Wi-Fi stealthily? If so, how to stop?

An easy way to tell if someone is using your Wi-Fi is to check the lights on the router itself. You will see that the router has many lights. These show things like Internet connectivity, wired connections, and wireless activity. 

So try disconnecting all devices from the network once. Note the light indicating wireless activity. If the machine is still blinking even after disconnecting it, it means someone is stealing the Wi-Fi. But there is not much that can be done except that this is a way to help clear doubts easily and quickly.

First Check the device router list

First, check a list of connected devices that can be found in the router's administrative console. You can quickly login to it by entering the router IP in the web browser window. This will show the entire list of devices connected to the network. All IP addresses, MAC addresses, and device names can be viewed. Comparing these with our devices will give us an idea of ​​what others have to offer.

With network monitoring software on the computer, we can identify other devices connected to our network. Such tools also have advanced features. Before installing a third-party tool it is better to check if the router has its own software.

How to stop theft, when stealing Wi-Fi data?

Process 1 to Stop Theft

We have detected that someone is stealing the Wi-Fi network. But how to stop it? First, check the security protocol that helps protect the network. Instead of outdated security protocols like WEP and WPA, more advanced protocols like WPA2-AES should be used. The next step is to set strong passwords. Also, these passwords should be changed every two months. A strong password can prevent others from breaking into the network. If you change the password often, if someone cracks it, it can be deleted after two months.

Process 2 to Prevent Theft

  • When using a Public shared network like this, try and log into the guest account of your machine and then browse stuff. 
  • Make sure all the internet traffic you are browsing is going through HTTPS and not HTTP
  • It is important to have all your system patches in place. Make sure all your windows/mac..basically OS-level patches are placed. You should be using the latest version. Hackers usually exploit this part.
  • Check what ports are open for your system. Make sure unwanted ports aren’t open in your machine.

How do 3D printers work? Can anyone use these?

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 Want all articles made from home and print 3-dimensional using 3D printers. Now Children are asking for a guitar and camera. How about printing these at home instead of buying them? What if companies printed parts that fit the car perfectly? What if doctors could print organs every now and then instead of waiting for donors? All this is possible with a 3D printer. With this, houses are being published simultaneously. So how do 3D printers work? Can anyone use these?

The use of 3D printers is not that easy. A somewhat complicated process. However, 3D printing is gaining ground day by day. It is becoming cheaper. It is becoming available to common people. Recently, a seed company in Chennai created history by printing a single house.

 Once upon a time, 3D printing was thought to be limited to making prototypes. That is why it was called 'rapid prototyping' at that time. 3D printing speed has picked up with increasing accuracy and range of materials. Knowledge of industrial products has also become. Initially, it was considered additive manufacturing rather than 3D printing. 

Its greatest advantage is that it can create even the most complex objects that cannot be made by hand. It is also environmentally friendly. This reduces production time and cost by up to 90%. Fuel consumption is also saved by more than half. So it is getting very popular. This is evidenced by the fact that it is being used in materials for the manufacture of robots.

What is 3D printing?

If using of normal printer print only data as length and width. But it doesn't print characters. Its specialty is printing 3D (length, width, depth) objects in rows. It can print things from organic materials, powders, plastic, metals, etc. Different materials can be mixed in between while printing them. 

For example, plastic parts can be attached to metal equipment, just as mechanical equipment can be attached to things like wind turbines. This eliminates the need for more machinery for production. Does not work with a large number of workers. As a result, both cost and time are reduced. We think that 3D printers are only limited to factories. Don't be surprised if you go nuts in the future. See photos if you want. Once upon a time, only professional photographers took pictures. 

Now anyone, anywhere.. is taking pictures with phones without cameras. This became possible with the advanced changes in photography. Also, it is not an exaggeration that the days when 3D printer knowledge will be accessible to the common man with the latest changes are not far away.

Types of 3D printers

3D printers come in a variety of sizes and shapes. If some are small enough to fit on a table, the walls and foundations can be as big as buildings. There are currently six types of 3D printers. All are unique to nothing. 

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) printers are very popular. Because they print accurately. Any kind of item can be printed with these. This process is very easy. As they are cheap, many people use them as a hobby at home. They print cars, drones, electric guitars, etc. These are the other printers.

(1) Stereolithography

 Stereolithography is an industrial 3D printing process. It is used for printing experimental products, prototypes of medical devices, and computer hardware during the development phase. It prints the material layer by layer. Works fast but is very expensive.

Stereolithography parts have the highest resolution and accuracy, the sharpest details, and the smoothest surface finishes of all 3D printing technologies, but the main benefit of stereolithography lies in its versatility.

(2)  Digital Light Processing 3d printer

It supports the printing of digital micromirrors and light-emitting devices. It is widely used in the dentistry and jewelry-making industries. This one use a 3d printing model, utilizing light and liquid .

For more info see Here

(3)  Selective laser sintering 3d printer

A process of melting and printing dry materials with the help of laser and heat. It is useful for the printing of small quantities of components to quickly manufacture experimental devices.

More info see here

4) Selective Laser Melting

 It prints dry materials into metal objects with the help of laser and heat. It is used for printing aircraft, vehicle parts, teeth, implantable devices etc.

5) Laminated manufacturing

 A process of cheaply and quickly printing 3D objects from various materials. It is mostly used for making sample items. They are useful for explaining new ideas to customers and investors.

6) Digital Beam Melting

This is a very complex 3D printing method. This requires experts. It is used to make vehicles, airplanes, and defense and medical devices.


How do 3D printers work?

Although the performance of 3D printers is slightly different, they are all based on computer-generated designs (CAD). Computer modeling software used for this purpose creates very accurate 3D designs. Printers perceive these and print objects by layering the respective materials. 

 Parts like wheels are also printed in the same line where required. In this way, they continue to print until the item is finished. Even though the layers are printed in layers, the objects are all one piece from bottom to top.

The most commonly used material in 3D printers is thermoplastic filament. This can be considered a kind of 'ink' of these. It is soft and flexible. Plastics, powders, resins, and metals are also used for printing. 3D printers print as directed by a computer program. Raw materials are used as needed. Hence, waste and costs are reduced. This is good for the environment.

Features of 3d printers?

  • In theory, anything can be printed with a 3D printer. 
  • It is mostly used in the manufacturing, construction, and pharmaceutical sectors. 
  • Currently, we have achieved the ability to print telescopes, cameras, metal parts of machines, plastic toys, ceramic cups, and even cakes in 3D. Those who use printers for hobbies are also creating non-industrial products. Some are also selling these online. 
  • 3D knowledge came in very handy when the Covid-19 pandemic broke out. As PPE kits are not readily available, many hospitals have 3D-printed gowns and masks. Parts of ventilators are also printed. A student in America has set up a mask manufacturing factory with a 3D printer at home.
  • 3D printing technology is raising new hopes in the medical field. 
  • Scientists are making good use of it for making artificial devices. 
  • Organs like ears are also being printed with the help of stem cells and cartilage. This process is called bioprinting. Although it is still in the testing phase, there is a possibility that it will be widely used in the future. 
  • Tissues printed with 3D printers will also be useful for drug testing. This will make drug testing easier. Moral problems will also disappear.

Free download YouTube Videos and save in phone Gallery

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 If you want to download any format of YouTube videos and save them in the phone Gallery,  use some third-party websites, or techniques or install additional apps or use third-party browsers, it directly downloads option buttons available on that browser at the top position or bottom link. 

In this article, I listed some techniques, additional apps to install on the phone and special browsers list mentioned, each one used for the purpose of free downloading YouTube videos and save in the phone Gallery.

Benefit of Saving YouTube Videos in phone Gallery

  • You once download any YouTube video into the phone Gallery, you can watch the video offline at any time without the need for the internet.
  • Watch Video any number of times.
  • Basically offline watching video is speed than online watching because of internet buffering problems.
  • The sound clarity is very good in offline mode.
  • You can move the download video into a memory card and watch it on the big screen like on TV or Home Screen etc...

Free download YouTube videos and Save to Phone Using Y2mate website

The Y2mate is a website, it receive YouTube Video link and download videos and also converts one format to another type of video format. These Y2mate websites download videos not only from YouTube and also take links from Facebook video links, Dailymotion video links, and Youku video links.

Features of the Y2mate website

  • This website downloads an Unlimited number of videos free of cost.
  • Download videos at High-speed.
  • This video converter to .MP3, .MP4 as HD quality.
  • No registration and sign up required.
  • It Supports downloading with all formats.

How to download YouTube Videos from Y2mate

  • Step 1. First, go to the youtube website and copy URL of desired video
  • Step 2: Next open the Y2mate website, insert a youtube video link and click submit button, now display downloaded links with different resolutions and file sizes. You click the desired button. see below link

  • Step 3: After clicking on the Download button, the video is downloaded in your phone Gallery.

Free download YouTube videos using Keepvid

The keepvid website takes video URL link to download youtube, Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram videos and save them into a phone gallery. The keepvid video downloader also converts Instagram videos into mp3 and then assigns them to phone ringtones if needed. This downloaded videos with different pixel resolutions like 480p, 720p, and 1080p using keepvid.

Features of keepvid video downloaded

  • This is an online video converter website--it means converting online video to many formats.
  • It downloaded Facebook videos also, and convert FB to mp3 format.
  • It not only downloads youtube videos and also converts youtube videos to mp3 formats.
  • This Keepvid directly saves online video in mp4 format.
  • It downloads Instagram videos in mp3/mp4 format online.
  • It also downloads Reddit videos with audio.
  • The keeping is the better Vimeo downloader online.
  • It downloads short video formats like Tiktok videos, and musial.ly videos online.
  • The keepvid is the right tool for SoundCloud mp3 conversions.
  • The keepvid is also the best youtube subtitle downloader online.
  • From this website, you can download the m3u8 format and convert it online
  • This website easy to download Dailymotion videos i.e dai.ly format.
  • The download videos are easy to share on Facebook, Twitter, tumblr, and more.

Useful links for keepvid

Free download YouTube videos and Save to Phone Using savefrom.net website

Another way to download free youtube videos and also save them in a phone gallery is best way as a waveform.net website. From this website, it direct download any youtube videos just enter the URL into the box, and now downloads the direct video as original quality. From this website, Videos can be downloaded in SQ, HD, FullHD, 2k, and 4k - depending on the initial quality of the video you download. 

Features from savefrom.net 

  • This website downloads any video with an online click.
  • Easy to convert youtube videos into mp4 quality also.
  • You can select  MP3, MP4, WEBM, and 3GP formats also.
  • This website have a feature is, you use Ummy, the buttons "HD via Ummy" or "MP3 via Ummy" will appear below the video.
  • This one works with all versions of Windows and Mac OS.
  •  One more feature is just add “ss” to the video URL to launch the Youtube downloader,  will begin in a short time.
Example : Original Youtube video like:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sWsHyQ8S6S4
                  Now use : ss:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sWsHyQ8S6S4

Useful Links for savefrom.net

More useful links form 

What is Passkey Security? How can uses instead of password?

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What is Passkey Security? 

The Passkey is a digital authentication tool that can be used instead of passwords. It allows you to log into a website account without entering a username, password or additional authentication. Now we say that Passkeys are a significantly safer replacement for passwords and other phishable authentication factors.

Now We use Many websites and Multiple accounts uses, Each time use Usernames and passwords for everything. Remember these words? Creating something new every time it is forgotten. Sometimes it seems like a big farce annoying. 

How Can uses instead of Password?

A Passkey, It allows you to log into a website account without entering a username, password or additional authentication. It is directly linked to the user account, website or application. So it is expected to be an easy, secure alternative to passwords. Bio-metric sensor like fingerprint, facial recognition, etc. can sign in with PIN or patterns. This eliminates the need to manage passwords. Google says it's as easy as the auto-filling password form.

That's why big tech companies are turning their attention to an internet world without passwords. Apple has already introduced passkeys as an alternative to passwords with the iOS 16 update. Recently Google also announced passkey support for developers in Android and Chrome. What about passkeys as a secure alternative to passwords?

How to Setup and Using PassKey

To create a passkey, you have to register on the respective websites or apps first. Later some rules should be followed while signing into them.

  • First go to the website or app
  • Next click on Sign in button.
  • After that select passkey.
  • The login process should be completed with the help of device screen unlock.

Synchronize with different devices

A great point is noteworthy that passkeys are not limited to any operating system like Android and iOS. The passkeys stored on the phone can be used whenever logging in on the laptop. There is no need to synchronize the passkeys with the laptop.

 For this, it is enough to have the phone close to the laptop. If you approve the sign-in on the phone, you can also log in on the respective websites on the laptop. For example- suppose you visit a website on a Chromebook. Assume that you have already logged into the website on the iOS device and created a passkey. 

You can log in with the same passkey on the Chromebook. Approving the passkey on the iOS device is sufficient. In Chrome on an Android device, passkeys are stored in Google Password Manager. Passkeys sync between Android devices signed in with the same Google account.

Google Password Manager is adding support for passkeys, for example, so should you lose access to one device, you can still get at your accounts from another one or from the cloud. 

How safe is  PassKey?

Google says Passkeys are very secure. Explains that it protects well from phishing attacks. Because Passkeys are standardized, once you start using them, you can have a password-free experience across browsers and operating systems. Moreover, passkeys use public cryptography. 


Hence data breach is reduced by 30%. When we create a passkey with any website or app it generates a public-private key pair on our device. Only the public key is stored on the site. This is of no use to attackers. Because authentication is complete only when paired with the private key. Attackers cannot derive the private key from the data stored on the server. Even if the phone is lost, the passkeys stored in it and the PC will be connected through the cloud.

Benefits of Passkey Security

  • Strong credentials. Every passkey is strong. They’re never guessable, reused, or weak.
  • Safe from server leaks. Because servers only keep public keys, servers are less valuable targets for hackers.
  • Safe from phishing. Passkeys are intrinsically linked with the app or website they were created for, so people can never be tricked into using their passkey to sign in to a fraudulent app or website.
  • No need to remember all username and passwords, right now, with this

Important website links for Passkey security

  • Official website only Passkey see Here
  • Chrome browser and Android app  uses Passkey Click Here to see
  • Apple Phone users to see Click Here

Best ways to earn money sitting comfortably at home

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Best Business Idea :To Earn Money sitting comfortably at home

 Currently many people want to start their own business. Such people have many options. You can earn money sitting at home. Job holder or students or house wife wants to earn money from home, for that people have chances are to create YouTube channel , works getting from Freelancing, Airbnb hosting, tutoring to teach students, and Affiliate marketing chances. Use opportunity.

You can start a YouTube channel for this. You can earn money by making videos. Many types of videos can be made. Tips and Tricks, Cooking, Dance, Singing and  Food Reviews etc. can be made videos and uploaded on YouTube channel. By doing this you can get income every month. 

Freelancing can also be done. Freelancing can earn money if you have skills like content writer, video editor, developer graphic designer. Sitting at home and getting income every month. 

Money can be earned by Airbnb hosting. If there is an empty room in the house, it can be listed on Airbnb. You get paid if travelers book your rooms. 

You can also earn money through tutoring. If you love teaching then you can do this job. Teaching one subject or other can earn money every month. This can be done either online or offline. The demand for online classes has increased tremendously in the current times.

Affiliate marketing can also be done. If you are a good content creator and know how to sell products, you can earn income by working for many of these e-commerce sites or brands. 

Next one is possible to get money through online support counseling. Many are troubled with mental, relationship and life related problems. They can earn income by giving counselling. This work can be done through online or offline. 

This way you can earn money sitting at home. But in order to earn money in any way, first you need to know their details. Profit and loss should be calculated. Work later. Otherwise you will face many problems in the future.

1   YouTube Channel Create

In reality, though, video is becoming much easier and cheaper to create. This means there’s a huge opportunity for your business on YouTube. If you have talent on different points easy to create channel and create , upload video's on channel. The number of subscribers atleast 1000, defenetly give chance to money earnings and based on number of views gives money.

To enable monetization on YouTube, you need to meet certain requirements and join the YouTube Partner Program (YPP).The minimum eligibility requirements for joining the YPP are that:

  • Your channel has at least 1,000 subscribers
  • You have at least of 4,000 valid public watch hours over the last 12 months
  • Avoid copyright and monetization mistakes on YouTube

Useful Links for YouTube Channel


2   Freelancing

Freelancing usually involves jobs (called gigs) that allow you to work-from-home situations. But don’t associate freelancing as the same as having a work-from-home job. A freelancer or freelance worker is a self-employed person who earns money by providing services to multiple clients. These services relate to the person’s skills and are not necessarily provided to just businesses.

Important website links for Freelancers


3   Airbnb Hosting

The Airbnb company is an online marketplace that connects people who want to rent out their homes with people who are looking for accommodations in specific locales. The Airbnb offers people an easy, relatively stress-free way to earn some income from their property. 

This Airbnb works as-- Find a way for local people to make some extra money renting out their spare home or room to people visiting the area. Hosts using this platform get to advertise their rentals to millions of people worldwide, with the reassurance that a big company will handle payments and offer support when needed.

Useful Links for Airbnb


4   Tutoriang(Teaching)

Tutoring is the practice of helping a student to learn a subject and build competency in a certain field of study. Tutors may also be teachers, but being a teacher is not a requirement to becoming a competent tutor. If you enjoy working with students of any age and instructing them in a particular field of study, you might have what it takes to become a freelance tutor.

A freelance tutor may work with a single student or with multiple students in a group setting, offering lesson plans, homework assistance, test preparation, and more.

Useful Links for Tutoring


5   Affiliate marketing

Any merchant want to sale his products or services , give a permission to website holders, when sales happen through your website , diffidently give commission to site owners i.e you. Affiliate marketing is where you promote another company’s product or service in return for a commission on the sales you generate. Commissions are typically a percentage of the sale price, but can occasionally be a fixed amount.

Useful Links for Affiliate Marketing websites


Information Security in Cloud Computing

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 INFORMATION SECURITY IN CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud service providers implement their individual proprietary standards and security technologies. In a vendor cloud model, it is ultimately up to clients to ensure that security in the cloud meets their own security standards and agree with their policies through requirements gathering and provider risk assessments.

We will look at security features offered by cloud computing providers, the security risks involved in cloud computing and some recommendations regarding security in the cloud.


(1) Security Features in Cloud Computing

There are a number of security benefits of using cloud computing. However, the level of security depends on the provider.

  • Economies of Scale: The pooling of resources on a large scale translates to security benefits in two areas.
  • Costs: Security measures are going to be cheaper when implemented on a large scale. The same amount of investment could buy better security protection such as packet filtering, patch management and the hardening of virtual machine instances for example.
  • Expertise: Major cloud service providers such as Amazon, Google, Azure, and Rackspace all have massive resources and expertise in security fields at their disposal.
  • Centralized Data: Using a centralized data model makes securing and managing of data easier.
  • Reduced physical data leakage: There are many ways internal data can be leaked through physical means, loss of company thumb-drives, laptops and backup disks all contribute to this. With cloud computing, we are able to avoid this problem because data is now stored in the cloud away from the physical devices.
  • Monitoring benefits: With centralized storage, it is easier to control and monitor. It is both easier and cheaper to implement security controls on centralized data than for individual clients because there is only place where targeted attacks can happen. The resources can then be reallocated quickly for filtering, traffic controlling, verification, encryption and other security measures and this will improve resilience against security threats.
  • Incident Investigation: Cloud storage helps speed up the process incident investigation in two ways.
  • Forensic readiness: With Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) providers, a dedicated forensic server image in the same cloud can be built and placed offline. When a security incident happens, you can have the server up absolutely instantly! In using cloud computing, you are avoiding all the clunky hardware provisioning that is required and you are also able to have your server as and when you need it.
  • Decreased evidence acquisition time: Data transfer between 2 servers in the same cloud is extremely fast so the evidence transfer time between the compromised server and forensics server will be reduced. This will help speed up the forensics process and the quicker the security forensics process can be done, the quicker the server can be back up and running.
  • Logging: Cloud storage abstracts away clunky provisioning for logging.
  • Automatic logging: Logs are an important link in security investigations and setting up new defensive infrastructures. However, logging is often an afterthought in many organizations. Because of clunky resource allocation, there are often little or no logs at all. Cloud storage changes all of this by introducing automatic logging for your applications deployed in the cloud.
  • Gold Images: Cloud storage helps with the deployment and management of gold images.
  • Ease of Management: A gold-image is a unit or an instance that has been fully subjected to proper stability and vulnerability tests and is ready for public deployment. Now we would like to deploy this to multiple units or instances. In normal systems, all the units would be running on separate platforms and environment which makes it really difficult to track each individual setting. On the other hand, because of the uniformity of cloud computing’s instances in platforms and environment, it makes it a lot easier to deploy and manage each of these gold images. 

(2)Top Security Risks and Recommendations

There are unique attributes in cloud computing that require special risk assessment in areas such as data integrity, recovery, and privacy.

  • Privileged user access: Sensitive data processed outside of the internal networks of the organizations bring with it an inherent risk because cloud services bypass the physical control that organizations are able to have otherwise. We do not know who have direct access to your data. It could be high executives of the cloud providers or system administrators or even employees in-charge of hardware. These roles in cloud architectures are unavoidable and they present possible risks. Carelessness and malicious insiders could lead to data exposure from the inside.
  • Data protection: Data protection refers to the physical protection of data through access methods and encryption. This is an area of security risk because many cloud providers are still using the classic authentication method which is the username/password model which is a weak secure model. Moreover, it does not provide any level of granularity where different levels of access are given to different people.
  •  Data isolation: This risk category covers the failure of mechanisms separating storage, memory or other resources between different clients. However, attacks on resource isolation mechanisms are still less prominent and in essence very difficult for an attacker to put in practice compared to attacks on traditional OSs.
  •  Data sanitization: Sanitization refers to the proper removal of data from a device once it is not used. There can be two scenarios that can be problematic in this area.

The first scenario is when the hardware is removed due to failure. When the commodity hardware fails and it is thrown away, your data risk being retrieved from the unwanted hardware if it is not properly sanitized before it is thrown away.

The second scenario is when the clients terminate their service with a particular cloud provider. Residual data that is left with the cloud are often not deleted and kept on purpose. This can pose a problem because data isolation mechanisms are not fool-proof and this could lead to other clients accessing that block of data by accident after your termination.

  •  Data location: Because of the distributed nature of the cloud, you probably won't know exactly where its data is hosted at. You might not even know what country it will be stored in. You need to ask providers if they will commit to storing and processing data in specific location and consequently jurisdictions, and whether it is in your contract to allow them to obey local privacy requirements on behalf of their clients. 
  • Data loss and recovery: A cloud provider should be transparent about what will happen to the data and service in case of data loss. While the chances of a total loss are low because of the high levels of redundancy, things can go wrong. There is a possibility of multiple servers losing your data at the same time. Therefore, it is crucial to watch out for agreements with a cloud service provider to see if they are clear about their data restoration processes, how long it would take, and how much it would cost for example.
  •  Investigative support: In the previous chapter, we have introduced some benefits to IT forensics when using cloud computing but investigating inappropriate or illegal activity may be difficult due to some implementation details of cloud service providers as well.
  • Incidence response: Even though a cloud provider may be willing to help with investigative procedures, they might not be capable of doing so in a quick and effective way. The complexity of the cloud can often obscure this procedure.
 For example, it reportedly took one IaaS provider approximately eight hours to recognize and begin taking action on a Denial of Service attack. Understanding and negotiating the procedures for incident response should be done before entering a contract with any cloud providers. 

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Database used in Cloud computing

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 DATABASE IN THE CLOUD

Database is a key component in most computing infrastructures. Database allows users to store data in an organized manner and retrieve them easily. In this we learn the non-relational database (NOSQL), and compare it with the relational database, from a cloud perspective.

(1) Non-Relational

Non-relational databases are commonly referred to by the term "NOSQL"[x] (pronounced “No S Q L”). They are made up of individual tables and these tables cannot have defined relationships between them, unlike in relational databases.

(2) Relational vs. Non-Relational

Many cloud computing providers offer users both relational and non-relational databases. Both types of database are scalable in the cloud and can be highly available. In terms of speed, we have done up our own series of bench-marking tests for some relational and non-relational databases cloud computing services.

Our findings indicate that relational cloud databases perform create, update and delete operations faster than non-relational cloud databases. However, for read operations, non-relational cloud databases do perform better than relational cloud databases. 

Usage-wise, both relational and non-relational cloud databases are as easy to use as the other. This is because cloud computing providers take on most of the burden of database administration, especially for relational databases, as relational databases usually come with heavy database administration workload compared to non-relational databases.

(3) Cloud Database Architectures

Cloud databases providers often let users choose from multiple database architectures. Since these different architectures have different levels of database consistency, latency and costs, you need to understand the architectures to have a better idea of which service suits your application's needs.

In the above figure see Master/Slave database architecture , a database server acts as the Master. When the user sends in a write/delete request to his database, the request goes to the Master database server. The Master database server checks against and updates its own database and then asynchronously replicates the update in other Slave database servers.

For the Paxos architecture (see above Figure), when the user sends a write/delete request, this request goes to a network of several database servers. The different database servers will check the requests against their own databases and states and then communicate with each other to affirm the request.

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Cloud Architecture , Servers, cloud storage Providers

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 SERVERS IN THE CLOUD

Servers are the backbone of cloud computing. we will look at platform virtualization, a technology used by cloud computing providers to offer servers to users and some concepts that you will need to know when you begin utilizing cloud computing servers.

What is Platform Virtualization

Platform virtualization is a technology to abstract physical hardware resources of a single server into a number of virtual computing environments, allowing multiple operating systems to be installed into each of these environments.

The heart of the virtual machine is the hypervisor. This is the software that sits between the hardware and operating systems. Its main role is allocating system resources. Each of these individual operating systems behaves as if it has the resources of the whole server to itself.

Each of the three operating systems is in fact three different virtual machine image. Each of these machine images is a snapshot of an operating system, and these images are then loaded onto the virtual machine environment.

It is important to realize that you do not pay for an entire server. Instead, cloud providers provide you with a virtual machine image, one of many that is loaded on the virtual computing environment.

Features of Platform Virtualization

Through the features of platform virtualization, cloud computing service providers are able to offer servers that are cost-effective, rapidly deployable and scalable.

These features are namely,

  •  Increased server utilization: The average server in an enterprise data center without platform virtualization has a typical utilization of 5 to 10 percent. Even at peak loads, the maximum is around 20 percent.
  •   Removal of hardware dependencies: Cloud computing service providers and users no longer need to bother about hardware compatibility issues. They just need to focus their software applications and service-level agreements.
  •  Removal of software dependencies: With virtualization, there is no need to worry about device driver dependencies as they are handled by the virtual machine environment. 
  •   Quick Deployment and Teardown: Virtualization makes it extremely easy to deploy a “server” – simply load the virtual machine image. It is also easy to tear down a machine image.

Cloud Architecture

Most cloud storage providers generally follow a three-layer architecture.


  • The front end is in charge of the communication between the clients and the servers. There will be different APIs to access the actual storage. This layer is also about achieving results such as multi-tenancy, a term we will explain in the next chapter. In addition, it provides the means for different types of scalability through various methods.
  • The storage logic layer handles a variety of features, and is in charge of certain administrative procedures such as ensuring a high level of availability and reliability for instance. It is also a form of security perimeter. Furthermore, it acts like a controller for cloud storage.
  • The back-end focuses on the actual implementation of the physical storage of data with protocols such as the GFS (Google File System). It involves the use of various ways to increase storage efficiency and in a way to drive the infrastructure costs down

 Cloud Storage Characteristics

  1.   Multi-tenancy

which refers to the ability for a single instance of services to serve multiple clients or tenants, also applies to several different layers of the cloud storage stack and this allows numerous clients to subscribe to the same cloud computing capabilities while retaining privacy and security over their sensitive data.

2. Automated Management

It is an important quality of the cloud storage. Generally, cost can be divided into two categories: the cost of the physical storage infrastructure itself and the cost of managing it.

3. Consistency in performance around the globe 

It is one of the core reasons to choose cloud storage over traditional file hosting. With traditional file hosting, files are typically stored on one server hence clients who are far away from that server will suffer from bad performance. 

With cloud storage, there are 2 levels of geographical scalability. Firstly, the file is distributed around multiple servers in the region where your original data is stored at. Secondly, there are on-demand CDNs (content delivery networks).


 4. Unique access methods 

There also one of the main differences between cloud storage and traditional storage. Many cloud storage providers now implement multiple access methods but the most prevalent one is still the Web-Service API

  5. High Reliability

It is one of the cornerstones of cloud storage. One might think that with the technological advances today, hard-disk failures and mass information losses are no longer common.

6.  Replication 

Big cloud service providers generally have the same information stored on multiple machines. In the case of Google, their cloud b.ack-end storage is typically split into huge clusters and entirely broken into chunks of 64mb each. Each of these chunks is uniquely identifiable and they are replicated to multiple servers in their data centers.

7. Reconstruction

 Some service providers also use data-reconstruction algorithms to help with lost or damaged data. One of these algorithms is IDA (Information Dispersal Algorithm). This algorithm is able to construct a full set of data from multiple parts of the data that has been distributed before-hand.

8.  Good cost-to-storage ratio

It is another characteristic of cloud storage that is worth mentioning. To reduce cost, more data must be stored with the same hardware resources. One common way to do this is to use data-reduction algorithms to reduce the resources data take up.

Cloud Storage Providers

1.      Amazon Elastic Block System (EBS)

Amazon Elastic Block System, referred to as Amazon EBS, allows you to attach storage volumes ranging from 1GB to 1TB onto EC2 instances.

One of the most important feature that EBS has is its snapshot function. Snapshots, as the name implies lets you store the current status of the EBS, allowing you to restore data, or replicate the data easily.

New users are provided with 30GB of EBS storage, 2 million I/O and 1 GB of snapshot storage for each month for one year.

2.   Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3)

Amazon Simple Storage Service, or more commonly known as S3, refers to a storage that Amazon provides for users. These storage are usually referred to as buckets. S3 allows you to store countless objects of each consisting up to 5TB in size.

For new users, they are given 5 GB of Amazon S3 storage, 20,000 Get Requests, 2,000 Put Requests, and 15GB of data transfer out each month for one year.

3.   Amazon Import/Export2

Amazon Import/Export is a service that Amazon provides, where you may ship a storage device to the address they give you so that they can directly transfer the large amounts of data in your storage device into or out of S3 or EBS. Such a direct transfer is much faster than having to go through the internet, though it might cost more with regards to the shipping costs.

4.   Amazon Storage Gateway

Amazon Storage Gateway is still under beta testing. However, this feature allows you to shift data from your on-premises storage onto S3 to ensure its availability and durability. To make things even more efficient, these data are stored as EBS snapshots within S3, allowing you to easily retrieve these snapshots with EBS replication and EC2 commands to attach the EBS storage. The transfer speed can be further improved with AWS Direct Connect where a private connection is established between you and AWS just for the transfer of files.

Some popular Cloud Storage providers includes Microsoft Azure, JustCloud, zipCloud and livedrive.

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